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Hyperkalemia

jbird2131's picture
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started by jbird2131 on March 4, 2008

As many of you know, a 27-year-old marathoner and Madison, WI native, passed away upon completion of the Little Rock Marathon. Nickel, 27, who was running his sixth marathon, finished 18th in a field of 1,600. He was pronounced dead 21 minutes after crossing the finish line. There was no warning and no known pre-existing medical condition that led to his death. An emergency room physician told his mother that the death likely resulted from a potassium buildup, which paralyzed his heart and muscles.

An online reference guide on the American Cancer Society's Web site calls the condition hyperkalemia, often caused by the use of potassium supplements or salt substitutes. Symptoms include "muscle weakness, numbness and tingling, abnormal heart rhythm, muscle paralysis, trouble breathing, and even heart failure and death.

Does anyone know anything more about this condition? It seems especially scary to me because some of the symptoms of hyperkalemia are often felt at the end of an endurance event. I was aware of the dangers of consuming too much water but never potassium. Just wondering what you all thought....

http://www.madison.com/tct/news/stories/275331

jsk85's picture
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jsk85 posted 17 weeks ago.

I just read a little bit on it, I wonder if this particular runner had issues with his kidneys...

"Intoxication with salt-substitute, potassium-containing dietary supplements, or potassium chloride (KCl) infusion. Note that for a person with normal kidney function and nothing interfering with normal elimination (see above), hyperkalemia by potassium intoxication would be seen only with large infusions of KCl or massive doses of oral KCl supplements."

I have not heard of this happening before otherwise.

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outexan posted 17 weeks ago.

I agree with jsk85. Something must have been wrong with his kidneys. I dont see that kind of thing happening to a normal healthy adult.

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ryanweeg posted 17 weeks ago.

That is some scary stuff.

"If one can stick to the training throughout many long years, that willpower is no longer a problem. It's Raining? That doesn't matter. I am tired? That's beside the point. It's simply just that I have to."
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Nutty posted 17 weeks ago.

jbird2131 wrote:
It seems especially scary to me because some of the symptoms of hyperkalemia are often felt at the end of an endurance event.

You may notice that the listed symtoms all have a common cause in severe dehydration. Id say the dehydration is far more likely to be the culprit in your experiences with the symtoms. Ive had them all (minus the death of course) before during a long run on a hot day, but was much better after a couple days of massive fluid intake.

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beads1985's picture
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beads1985 posted 17 weeks ago.

Wow! This endurance stuff is risky business.
If you don't exercise it will kill you and if you exercise it will kill you. ;-O

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ChunkyB posted 17 weeks ago.

I think this condition usually arises in cases of extreme dehydration. They said that he didn't have any pre-existing conditions, but they didn't mention (at least that I saw) whether or not he was properly hydrated. I don't know if they did an autopsy or whatever, but it's a thought.

Oh, and in response to beads' comment, I'll quote one of the great theologians of the 20th (and 21st) century, Bart Simpson: "You're damned if you do, and you're damned if you don't".

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ChunkyB posted 17 weeks ago.

OH, btw, if you press "post comment" twice while your computer is hanging, then it will post twice. And, you can't delete the post. Anyways, that explains this second post.

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ChunkyB's picture
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ChunkyB posted 17 weeks ago.

"The melting point of wax means nothing to me": Thrice

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TriFly's picture
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TriFly posted 17 weeks ago.

I cannot believe I am reading this. About 5 years ago, I was trained and ready to complete my first marathon when a common cold came over me. I went to the school health center who thought this might require blood work (?) as they believe any symptom does. Anyway, the results came back that I was extremely hyperkalemic, bordering on fatal levels of potassium in my body. Of course, I thought this to be a bunch of crap but they insisted I see every doctor under the sun and forbid me to run. Once I stopped running, my potassium levels normalized and there was never another connection made but that it stemmed from my training. I have now began running, swimming and biking again and have not had my levels checked but think maybe I should consult some medical supervision? I am eager to see any follow up on this situation that anyone finds.

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theShiba posted 17 weeks ago.

TriFly wrote:
I cannot believe I am reading this. About 5 years ago, I was trained and ready to complete my first marathon when a common cold came over me. I went to the school health center who thought this might require blood work (?) as they believe any symptom does. Anyway, the results came back that I was extremely hyperkalemic, bordering on fatal levels of potassium in my body. Of course, I thought this to be a bunch of crap but they insisted I see every doctor under the sun and forbid me to run. Once I stopped running, my potassium levels normalized and there was never another connection made but that it stemmed from my training. I have now began running, swimming and biking again and have not had my levels checked but think maybe I should consult some medical supervision? I am eager to see any follow up on this situation that anyone finds.

I think that the safest answer is, yes. If you are aware of a pre-existing condition that you had that could be dangerous, you should definitely get it checked out again. There's really only one way for you to be sure, and that's to get it checked out.

M's picture
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M posted 17 weeks ago.

I did some reading about this mostly on emedicine. There are 2 (at least) articles on hyperkalemia. There are many causes.
Trifly, if you had such extreme results with a health center that you don't seem to have much confidence in, it may have been an artifact of the blood draw technique. Of course, if you may have taken something for your cold symptoms that included something like aspirin or ibuprofen, that could have contributed to an actually high potassium level. And since it's easy to become dehydrated when you have a cold, it would probably easy to concentrate your salts including K+. If a runner had any mild cold symptoms before a race and was slightly dehydrated, and took something for the cold and then used salt and/or potassium tablets in an attempt to try to feel normal again (mistaking dehydration symptoms for symptoms of low electrolytes), it would be easy to throw things way off balance (the body is amazing about keeping salts and hydration levels just right, in spite of all the things we try to do to thwart it). As a grad student in pharmacy, Nickel could probably have explained this to us best.
Potassium is measured in the plasma (blood), but it moves in and out of the plasma and other tissues/cells.The wiki article cites a Sports Med article about potassium regulation in plasma and skeletal muscle during exercise. The abstract says that during exercise, potassium is released from working/contracting skeletal muscles into the plasma. The amount released depends on things like level of training, medications, and caffeine (this release of potassium may also affect our feelings of fatigue). Potassium is in turn also taken up by non-contracting tissue, which "may be important in preventing plasma potassium from rising to excessive levels." When exercise stops, especially if it was intense, there is a steep drop in plasma potassium (as it goes back into muscles). "The rapid increases and decreases in plasma potassium with onset and cessation of exercise, respectively, has been implicated in altered myocardial function and sudden cardiac death." Another potential cause of this for Nickel may have been rhabdomyolysis (=breakdown of muscle fibers which causes leakage of potentially toxic cellular contents [such as potassium] into circulation), which "may occur after excessive muscular activity, such as ... sporadic strenuous exercise (eg, marathons)." It can also be caused by viruses like flu and bacterial infections like strep. Whatever happened to Nickel, my minimal understanding of these things suggests that it was probably some unfortunate exquisite coincidence of very particular random things.

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emtridoc posted 17 weeks ago.

Nice review of eMedicine! A couple of things to keep in mind: hyponatremia (low sodium) is more common in endurance athletes who replace water without replacing lost salts. Proper training in like conditions (hot and humid if you're doing a race in Florida) will help "train" your kidneys to retain higher levels of sodium.

As for hyperkalemia, several good points have been made. Among them healthy, functioning kidneys do a pretty good job of regulating K+ within safe ranges. A number of things can "ding" the kidneys and put you at increased risk. Certainly dehydration can lead to impaired renal function. NSAID's (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etc) can also hit the kidney's, especially in a dehydrated state. Bad idea to take some pain meds to try and stave off that muscle pain in a race. Caffeine and alcohol, along with other stimulants and medications act as dieuretics, placing an increased load on the kidneys and leading to increased dehydration. Sudden changes in weather (training in cool weather then racing in warm humid climes without giving your body some time to acclimate) can also cause electrolyte disturbances (sodium and potassium). The aforementioned rhabdomyolysis is more common in running than swimming or biking, and probably occurs very frequently in marathon distance runs. Finally, it is entirely possible to have only a single kidney without even knowing it. Normally not a problem, but under extreme conditions would put someone at much higher risk.

If you've had problems in the past you would do well to have a check up to make certain that you have normal renal function and possibly even an ultrasound to confirm that you have two kidneys, unless there was a real clear reason why you developed hyperkalemia the first time. In the final analysis, hundred's of thousands of athletes compete in these endurance events every year, and a death is pretty rare. I haven't looked at the stats, but I'm sure it's safer than mountain climbing and probably safer than riding a motorcycle, too!